Origins of Cold War Essay Example for Free

Origins of Cold War Essay The Cold War was one of the most important historical events in the world, which had created a great impact that is still felt within the international community. The United States and the Soviet Union became the two most influential and powerful forces during this era. The relationship between the two former allies was anchored on political, ideological and economic interests, which at the end of the Second World War came as threats wherein developed bitterness and rivalry for power over the years (Hoesel, 1992). The Cold War which has been referred to as the period of â€Å"elusive peace† dictated that the United States of America as the world’s leading hegemonic power, with the defeat and disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of the war. The Cold War indeed has been a conflict involving former allies, United States of America and the Soviet Union due to the difference in political ideologies held by the two superpowers (Nosotro, n.d).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The difference in political ideologies caused the development of animosity and hostility between United States and the Soviet bloc. The United States having been supportive of capitalism clashed with the communist Soviet Union (Nosotro, n.d). Although there had been no direct confrontation between the two world superpowers, indirect confrontations among the United States and Soviet allies were enough to assess the impact of the Cold War. Economic, political and military affairs of the two states and their allies underwent massive policy changes in order to keep abreast with the happenings during the Cold War. The â€Å"arms race† was one of the most important indirect military offensives that took place between United States and Soviet Union, both states trying to produce more sophisticated weapons ahead of the other. This in turn created a great impact on the two states’ economic and social services sectors (Kishlansky, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As such, the political allies of both United States and Soviet Union were also affected as both governments of the two states worked towards spreading influences in less developed countries. The series of decolonization became rampant and emphasized in regions such as Asia, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. And as such, the conflicts brought by the Cold War were instantly shifted and transmitted within these areas (â€Å"The Elusive Peace The Cold War,† 1992). References Hoesel, F.V. (1992). The Soviet Union and the United States. Soviet Archives Exhibit. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/intro2.htmls Kishlansky, M. (2005) Civilization in the West, Volume C (since 1789), 7th edition. Nosotro, R. (n.d). The cold war. Hyperhistory. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/big/w30coldwar.htm The elusive peace the cold war. (1992). History World International. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://history-world.org/coldwar.htm

The Importance Of Water Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Water Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay The aim is to review the importance of water recycling and the unending effects of hard water all round us. Objective is to achieve a clear understanding of the present and future benefits of water recycling and why it is still practised today. A number of up-to-date water recycling tehnologies are studied to an extent. The perpetual need for the various solutions in softening hard water is looked into retrospectively carefully highlighting typical problems likely to occur. Water is a common substance that is essential to all forms of life. A massive 75 percent of planet earth is covered in water and is mostly found in oceans and large water bodies. Of this total volume of water, 97 percent is saltwater and 3 percent is freshwater. 69 percent of this freshwater is glacial and 31 percent is groundwater. For billions of years, earth has been reusing water over and over again in a natural process called the hydrologic cycle (BENEFITS OF RECYCLING., 2010). This cycle is the path water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again. 1.1 Water Recycling Water recycling is a natural process which relies on technology to speed up such projects. It is sometimes described as unplanned and planned (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). By unplanned, this means for example, when cities draw their water supplies from rivers that receive waste water upstream from these cities. Water from these rivers has been reused, treated and piped into the water supply a number of times before the last downstream use withdraws the water (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). However, that of planned water recycling projects is developed with the aim of reusing a recycled water supply. Recycled water is waste water that has been treated and processed for useful nonpotable purposes such as agricultural, landscape, public parks, and golf course irrigation (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Other nonpotable applications include cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, industrial process water for facilities such as paper mills and carpet dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing, and artificial lakes (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). In an industrial facility, water is recycled and reused onsite used in cooling processes for example (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Although most water recycling projects have been developed to meet the demands of nonpotable water, a number of them use recycled water indirectly for potable purposes (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). These projects include recharging ground water aquifers and augmenting surface water reservoirs with recycled water (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). Recycled water can be spread or even injected into ground water aquifers to augment ground water supplies, and to prevent salt water intrusion in coastal areas. Environmentally, water recycling provides tremendous benefits. Water recycling can help us find ways to reduce the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems by providing a supplementary source of water. The lack of sufficient water flow, as a result of diversion for agricultural, urban, and industrial purposes, can cause impairment of water quality and ecosystem health for plants, wildlife, and fish which depend on adequate water flow to their habitat for sustenance and reproduction ( OASIS DESIGN., 2009). For streams that have been dried from water diversion, recycled water may be used to build these habitats (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Water flow can be augmented with recycled water to develop and sustain the aquatic and wildlife habitats (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). 1.2 GreyWater Greywater is water that has been used domestically (from baths, showers, clothes washers, and wash-hand basins) except for water from toilets (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Greywater takes up 50 80% of household wastewater (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). Wastewater produced by toilets is called black water (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). However wastewater from kitchen sinks and dish-washers is also considered to be black water as well due to the presence of organic contents (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). The clearest purpose of recycling domestic grey water is that it replaces potable water use (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). 2 BUILD-UP OF TOXIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM RECYCLING In water treatment, a wide range of chemicals are added in excess due to poor operation or accidents (GRAY N. F., 2005). However, most of these chemicals are discharged with the finished water product due to the nature of the processes themselves. These include iron, aluminium, and organic compounds used as coagulates, such as polycrylamide (GRAY N. F., 2005). These chemicals result in odour and discolouration in the water as well as poor taste. Furthermore, the new Drinking Water Directive sets limit values for all these compounds. Chemicals such as chlorine and fluorine are added intentionally to protect the public from pathogens and teeth decay respectively (GRAY N. F., 2005). 3 THE NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF DRINKING SEWAGE WATER The increasing concern of the public is reflected by a large rise in the sales of bottled water and home treatment systems (GRAY N.F., 2008). The view of reusing sewage water for the purpose of drinking water ignorantly puts people off now and again. However, the knowledge of water recycling plays a big role here so educating the consumer about water quality and the regulatory functions of water undertakers is mandatory (GRAY N.F., 2008). All water is reused and with the system of treatment in place, sewage water can be drinkable. The use of chlorine in water treatment is a major source of complaint with consumers (GRAY N.F., 2008). The prevailing reasons for boiling water, buying bottled water or the use of home treatment systems are over an improvement in taste and health concerns. There is a strong belief that bottled water is safer and purer to drink which unfortunately is not always true. The media also plays a role in the influence of attitudes towards water and the assessment risk (GRAY N.F., 2008). 4 REGULATIONS In protecting public health, conditions and regulations have been made to allow for the safe use of reclaimed water. Reclaimed water often provides a vital water supply and fertilizer source (METCALF EDDY., 2003). For most developing countries, the greatest concern with the use of wastewater for irrigation is that untreated or treated wastewater can possess quite a number of intestinal nematodes (e.g., Ascaris and Trichuris species and hookworms) and bacterial pathogens which are often difficult to control (METCALF EDDY., 2003). The health of the general public consuming farm produce that have been contaminated by the wastewater infected by these viral and bacterial agents can deteriorate over time. The world health organisation suggest that irrigation of farm produce prone to be eaten uncooked, sports fields, and public parks should be irrigated with wastewater dealt with stabilization ponds (METCALF EDDY., 2003). From country to country, regulations in reusing water and wastewat er vary. In England and Wales, Drinking Water Inspectorate control the standard of drinking water provided (GRAY N. F., 2005). However, the quality of the water is the privatised water companies responsibility (GRAY N. F., 2005).These responsibilities are regulated by the Office of Water Services and it also controls the price of water before hitting the market. The Environment Agency for England and Wales is responsible for controlling water pollution, regulating waste and manage integrated pollution control (IPC) licensing (GRAY N. F., 2005). It also has the duty to issue licenses for water control functions, promote the conservation and enhancements of freshwater to promote the recreational use of freshwater, to improve and develop fisheries and regulate them, to issue flood warnings and the provision of defences to reduce the risk of sea and river flooding, the issuing of land drainage consents and many other tasks (GRAY N. F., 2005). The Agency points out water protection zones , protects groundwater and sets the objectives for water quality (GRAY N. F., 2005). 5 PRECAUTIONS Dont store grey water Grey water should be used within 24 hours before the build up of bacteria develops. After this period, it is on its way to becoming septic, that is, black water (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Avoid contamination and contact Identify grey water plumbing by labelling it. The use of gloves is vital when in contact with grey water filters or anything that has come in contact with it (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Use only grey water that is fairly clean to start with. If otherwise, it should be diverted to a sewer or septic system (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Microorganisms on consumable goods Untreated grey water possesses some microorganisms which affect lawns, or fruits and vegetables that are eaten raw (e.g., strawberries, lettuce, carrots) to an extent (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Contamination of surface water Grey water should be disposed of properly either underground or in a mulch (a mulch is a covering made up of rotten vegetable matter which prevents evaporation and soil erosion). The addition of grey water to an already soaked soil should be avoided (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). 6 DESALINATION Desalination involves removing dissolved minerals from aquatic bodies to create drinking water (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). 15-50% of water is recovered with the other portion being brine (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). A few technologies have been produced for the execution of this process, including the best known and common membrane process is the reverse osmosis (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/98-9/offshore/ro.gif Figure 2: Diagram showing osmotic and reverse osmotic flow (Source: Courtesy of FWPBDP., 2010) Countries which do not have the advantage of continual fresh water supplies, competition for fresh water continually soars (TENE A. 2010). Israel is regarded pioneer in the area of desalination (TENE A. 2010). Following the water crisis in Israel, the state of water economy improved to an extent that even during harsh drought years, the water economy will continue to flourish since the water in the sea would not be running out anytime soon (TENE A. 2010). This sea water is pumped to as much volume is required and the final desalinated water is supplied as necessary. Another type of separation technique is the evaporation process (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). Developing economies such as California have warm climates of high evaporation rates (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). Its primary water resource is the sea where the evaporation process is practised. It is an effective alternative to water recycling in water poor regions (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). 7 FUTURE OF WATER RECYCLING Recycling is generally vital to our planets future. The rate at which the earths highly valued resources are been consumed is taking a rapid turn and many of these resources are not renewable (U.S. EPA., 2009). Recycling as a process takes considerably less energy to reuse an existing product than to source and make one from scratch (U.S. EPA., 2009). Water recycling has certainly established beyond doubt to be effective and resourceful in developing a new and reliable water supply. Nonpotable reuse is a widely accepted practise that will continue to expand (YOSHIKAWA N., 2006). Advances in wastewater treatment technology and health studies of indirect potable reuse will become common soon (YOSHIKAWA N., 2006). As water and environmental needs becomes urgent, water recycling would play a greater role in our long-term water supply (U.S. EPA., 2009). 8 WATER RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY The type of wastewater is essential for determining the kind of treatment plant and technologies to employ. Wastewater primarily arises from water usage by residential, commercial and industrial institutions including groundwater, surface water and storm water as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Sources of Wastewater (Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003). Typical examples of water recycling systems in the domestic or industrial field are flotation and sedimentation, of which both are relevant to the chemical industry. 8.1 Flotation Flotation is a unit process used to remove solid or liquid from any form of liquid by releasing fine gas, usually air bubbles into it (ESCWA., 2003). The gas bubbles would stick to the liquid or would get trapped in the particle structure of the suspended solids, raising the floaty force of the particle and gas bubbles put together (ESCWA., 2003). Particles having a higher density than the liquid would be able rise. Flotation is used to remove suspended matter and to concentrate biological sludge in wastewater treatment (ESCWA., 2003). Flotation has an advantage over the sedimentation process in that; very minute and light particles are easily removed in a quicker time frame (ESCWA., 2003). Table 1: Data of Flotation Methods Process Brief Descriptions Dissolved Air Flotation Wastewater is subjected to the pressure of several atmospheres while air is introduced into it. The pressure then returns to atmospheric level, allowing the air to be released as small bubbles after a short time. These bubbles which stick to the suspended matter where it is removed by a skimming device. Air Flotation By the application of a revolving impellers or through diffusers, gas is passed into the liquid directly at atmospheric pressure Vacuum Flotation Wastewater is saturated with air. With the application of a partial vacuum, the dissolved air results in escaping as minute bubbles where they form a scam blanket. This blanket is removed by a skimming device. Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003. Figure 4: A typical Flotation unit (ESCWA., 2003). 8.2 Sedimentation Sedimentation is a widely used unit operation in water and wastewater treatment (ESCWA., 2003). It involves the gravitational settling of suspended solids in a mixture usually water (ESCWA., 2003). These suspended solids are removed from suspensions by allowing it gravitate to the floor of a tank to form a sludge under near still conditions (ESCWA., 2003). This tank is referred to as a clarifier (ESCWA., 2003). It comprises of three main designs. They are; Horizontal flow clarifiers They can either be rectangular, square or circular in shape. The flow in rectangular clarifiers is rectilinear and parallel to the long axis of the basin. Furthermore, the water flows radially from the centre towards the outer edges in circular clarifiers. The clarifiers are usually made up of steel or reinforced concrete (ESCWA., 2003). Solid contact clarifiers They get solids into contact with a suspended layer of sludge near the bottom that acts as a blanket. The solids put in cumulate and remain trapped within the sludge blanket. As the solids remain below, the liquid is able to rise upwards (ESCWA., 2003). Inclined surface basins The flow here is laminar and there is little or no wind effect. Inclined trays are used to divide the depth into shallower sections, reducing the settling times in the process (ESCWA., 2003). Figure 5: Parts of a circular clarifier (Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003). 9 HARD WATER Hard water is simply referred to as water that contains more minerals than ordinary water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Water that is said to be hard possesses minerals made up of calcium and magnesium compounds (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). This water usually comes from aquifers and other underground sources that collect dissolved minerals from rocks (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Minerals of these sought reduces the ability of soap to lather and the ease of rinsing anything being washed made difficult. On the other hand, soft water is treated water that contains only sodium ion (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Figure 6: Diagram showing hard and soft water processes (Source: Courtesy of LENNTECH., 2009). 9.1 PROBLEMS WITH HARD WATER Every cleaning task from laundering and dish washing to bathing and personal care is made unreasonably difficult taking up time and energy. The quantity of hardness minerals in water would determine the soap and detergent level required for cleaning. Additional detergent would have to be added to achieve the desired goal. Dishes and glasses washed using hard water may not be totally clean possessing certain spots when dry. The same goes with clothes which may feel harsh and scratchy when worn. Furthermore, skin was led with hard water may leave the skin feeling itchy and dry certainly not a remedy for skins with conditions such as eczema (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). A number of detergents have ingredients that would mix with hard water minerals leaving a white deposit on clothing, making it look faded and worn out. Heated hard water affects water-using appliances (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). It forms a scale of calcium and magnesium minerals which contributes to the inefficient and costly of these appliances (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). Pipes become clogged with scale that impedes water flow and would in no time require pipe replacement. When hard water is heated, calcium ions react with bicarbonate ions to form an insoluble compound called calcium carbonate which is responsible for the scaling in pipes (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). This is depicted in the equation below; 9.2 SOFTEN WATER TECHNIQUES 9.2.1 Lime-Soda Ash Technique It is the most common water softening method which involves the addition of slaked lime to hard water in water plants (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Lime and soda ash are used because they are readily accessible and cost effective for softening water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Non-carbonate hardness is in turn reduced by the addition of soda ash to form insoluble precipitate which is also removed by filtration. Slaked lime is used to remove calcium bicarbonate from water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). In this method, the slaked lime ions react with the calcium bicarbonate to form a slightly soluble calcium carbonate. This precipitate is usually removed by allowing it settle and then filtering (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Additional lime is used in removing magnesium (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). This treatment becomes more costly as the hardness level has to be reduced to less than 5 grains. The use of the lime-soda ash treatment in homes was farfetched because of the equipment siz e and high cost involved in running one and even owning one (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). 9.2.2 Ion Exchange Columns Technique Ions could either be positively or negatively charged. A positive charge ion is called a cation while a negatively charged ion is an anion. The minerals, calcium and magnesium, that result in hardness are positively charged cations (NORDEN R. L., 2010). An ion exchange water softener has three main parts; A resin tank containing small beads of synthetic resin, A brine tank, The control valve (NORDEN R. L., 2010). When using ion exchange equipment, calcium and magnesium are exchanged for sodium from the brine tank (NORDEN R. L., 2010). As water passes through the resin tank, the sodium ions are exchanged with calcium and magnesium ions (NORDEN R. L., 2010). This is because the calcium and magnesium ions have a higher positive charge than the sodium ions. As the calcium and magnesium attach themselves to the resin beads is released simultaneously into the water. After the sodium in the resin, medium is exhausted, the medium can be regenerated by the sodium from the brine tank (NORDEN R. L., 2010). People with health problems such as heart or circulation problems, or are on low sodium diets may need to avoid using the ion exchange because of the high sodium content (NORDEN R. L., 2010). It is not even recommended for watering lawns or plants due to the sodium content present. However, potassium can be used in replacing sodium but it costs more. It is highly recommended that only hot water in a h ome be softened because the hot water line and heater benefits and the rate of soap consumptions are reduced (NORDEN R. L., 2010). Another importance in using the ion exchange equipment is that, it removes traces of iron as well to an extent because it is a positively charged ion (NORDEN R. L., 2010). 9.2.3 Chemical Conditioners/Suppressants Technique Chemical conditioning involves the addition of polyphosphates (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). This reduces the availability of calcium in the formation of deposits. This would result in the water behaving as though softening although this would be false regarding the removal of calcium. A measure of this supposed softening is that such water would need less soap or detergent to lather. The polyphosphates can easily be set up by installing a relatively cheap dispenser in the pipework that could easily treat all the water going into the property (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). When exhausted in the dispenser, the polyphosphates usually in solid glass-like balls are added at any appropriate time frame (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). Alternatively, using polyphosphates helps to reduce traces of lead from any lead pipework but this should not be a guaranteed reason for using this technique (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). HARD WATER CONTAINING CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ENTERING SOFTNER SOFTEN WATER CONTAINING SODIUM CONCLUSION Water is reusable. A high percentage of our water is recycled and the same water has been around for a long time. In this effect, water technologies have been cleverly developed in keeping this natural tradition alive. Hard water is water that contains calcium and magnesium ions, and can be reversed by softening it thereby leaving it usable in homes and industries. It has a costly effect on most equipment in our homes and a health risk in humans. In softening hard water, the rate at which all these negative effects take its course would be minimised.

Ethnographic Research in Workplace Culture Studies

Ethnographic Research in Workplace Culture Studies Summary Ethnography: a research method for deciphering a behavior that is not in words or numbers. Ethnographic Research is a discipline based on the concept of culture that combines tactics of observation and interview to record the dynamic behavior. It needs the personal experience and possible participation, not just observation, by researchers. It has multidisciplinary teams and is very important have a focal point. Ethnographers study any human area; and the principal idea is moving from learning to testing. Ethnography has its roots planted in the fields of anthropology and sociology. Ethnographic research has variations in observational methods, which involves a commitment to get close to the subject being observed in its natural setting, to be factual and descriptive; and variations in observer involvement, observer is also a participant in the program activities being studied. In participant observation the challenge is to combine participation and observation so as to become capable of understanding the experience as an insider while describing the experience for outsiders. Three methodological principles: Naturalism. The objectives are the ethnographers carry out their research in natural, settings that exist independently of the research process. And the notion of naturalism implies that social events and processes must be explained in terms of their relationship to the context in which they occur. Understanding: in this point the human actions differ from the behavior of physical objects; involve interpretation of stimulus and the construction of responses. It is necessary to learn the culture of the group one is studying before one can produce valid explanations for the behavior of its members. Discovery: They have a general interest in some types of social phenomenon and/or in some theoretical issue or practical problem. The ethnographic research has generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork, and in particular evaluation situation, the needs of the interview, and the personal style of the interviewer all come together to create a unique situation for each interview. It is important have in mind that the privacy or copyright issues may apply to the documents gathered. Regard to ethics in ethnographic research; the researchers must make their research goals clear to the members of the community, where they undertake their research and gain the informed consent of their consultants to the research beforehand. The purpose of analysis is to organize the description in a way that makes it manageable. Description is balanced by analysis and leads into interpretation. Ethnographic With International Business The relationship between ethnographic research and international business has a great importance in our organisations, because they musthave a comprehensive and specific knowledge of the characteristics of each of its target markets in which they want to generate future international negotiations. Then as ethnographic research is the study of customs, behaviors, symbols of a specific culture, it becomes a tool that brings efficiency when business worldwide take place, because these studies facilitate to the organisation to adapt faster according to the features of the culture target. The ethnography as research method allows the companies to get an idea on consumers actual practices, and suggests the needs to promote certain products and communication strategies. Thus, problems are not verbally articulated by consumers are identified by the ethnographer, and turned into opportunities for modifying marketing strategies. Ethnographic observation came to be the first step towards innovation, because it promotes the discovery of uncover opportunities , not articulated in words or concepts. The ethnography of markets is an effective way to develop a detailed and contextualized understanding of the behavior and choices of consumers. For example, some applications in which ethnography has proven to be useful are: In the discovery and development of new products. The ethnographic approach is useful in studying the internal operations of businesses, employee groups and business environments. By knowing the appropriate language and cultural codes in different regions and cultural groups through ethnographic immersion, it is possible to reach new market niches such as groups ensuring loyalty to brands. References GORDILLO, Andrà ©s. â€Å"Contac with the real world†. [http://www.centronacionaldeconsultoria.com/articulos/Contacto%20con%20el%20mundo%20real.pdf] McDonalds [EAST http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgN7UNrjf3kfeature=related] [INDIA www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvjK5FJJjrQfeature=related] [EUROPE www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS3qoo0hzu0feature=related] [ www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDix0VvrV1g ] [ www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DykbPa4LcNR=1 ]   GENZUK, Michael. A synthesis of ethnographic research.   www-rcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research   www.youtube.com   Class presentation. Ethnographic research.2010 National Organisational Culture National culture is a matter of what people believe deep down, and no one can force or buy such belief. [Millman, Gregory J.Culture. Jul 1, 2007] Organizational culture has expectations, standards and goals common to a group experiences, beliefs and values, both personal and cultural organization. So, organizational culture is different to national culture and is incorrect put in the same place, is necessary separate. So start in the organizational culture to one person, that in group develop and shape an organization, any and all decide to follow and work with it. It is important to recognize that organizational culture takes time to apply within an organization and describe the whole collection of assumptions, practices and norms that people adopt in an organization over time. The resulting culture of the organization is externally influenced by the culture of the nation and in many cases the communities that surround it. Now when we talk about changes in a company is not about changing the culture, but rather help it to solve the problems. A change in behavior depends on how the company uses its cultural strength, changing certain actions people should and should not do. The idea of changing culture in order to achieve some business objective, or even to comply with a court order, comes from a misunderstanding of what culture means. Cultural anything comes at the end of the process, and the cultures don ´t change, is possible but think I am trying a new strategy, trying to use acquisitions and integrate them to make the company grow. The point is, you do not go out and try to change the culture. You do something to improve performance. When entrepreneurs start businesses, they do what makes sense to them in the context of values and assumptions they may have had in mind since they were children. How they treat their people, and what their people expect, may depend on national cultural assumptions so deeply rooted that few ever question them but they can stymie attempts to change corporate culture. Now, in globalization, we need people who make slow decisions, who think before they act, who do not immediately voice any opinions, who are prepared to go against established practice.   Mead, Richard. 2004. International Management: Cross-Cultural Dimensions London: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 1.   Millman, Gregory J. . 2007. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality? . The Free Library 23:44-47. Millman, Gregory J. (2007, July 1). Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 2:20 PM Is a corporate culture in every organisation?- Can it be modified?- How does is affect processes that require a deep organizational change? Organisational culture is the union of values (beliefs, ideas,) and rules which are shared by individuals and by groups within an organisation, which define the way you interact between people and the environment of the organisation. So, is possible that in every organisation are corporate cultures. With targets set from the values of the organisation, develop standards, guidelines and expectations that determine the appropriate behavior of workers in particular situations. But trying to determine the corporate culture, the desire to impose values and behavior standards that reflect the objectives of the organisation, not an easy task, since past situations brings with organisational decisions could be taken earlier. Organisational culture is symbolic, with its element leads its members to establish identity and exclusion processes. It is intangible and the only observable manifestations, so to get to change it; you have to start making simple changes from the symbols and customs that guide it. For example, in the conduct of its old and new workers, it should encompass all levels and departments within the organisation, from personal and social relations to the accounting rules. This culture has several effects on the behavior of its members, like: The attraction and selection processes. On memory processes and voluntary turnover, that if there is greater understanding between the values of employees and organisational culture, the greater the employee commitment to the organisation, and less voluntary departure. To be successful, changes in competitive strategy will require a consistent change in people, work roles, organizational structure, and technology. Internal changes in the organizational approach to improve human capability will require organizational learning, and an alignment of the strengths and values within the organization. By aligning the strengths and values within the organization, it will improve the overall success of the competitive strategy and meet with the long-term goals of the organization.Ver: [www.managementorganizationaldevelopment.blogspot.com ] If a culture is achieved flexible, changing cash, may adapt more easily to the external environment, fulfilling its mission and vision for. References Millman, Gregory J. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality?. Jul 1, 2007 www.humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture/ www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu www.soi.org/reading/change/culture TOGGENBURG, Gabriel. EURAC research:Who is Managing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in the European Condominium? The Moments of Entry, Integration and Preservation. Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 4:24 PM Migrants Workers Immigration to Canada refers to the process by people from other countries migrate to Canada to live permanently. Canada must have experienced some sort of immigration over the course of its early existence, for it had a population of around five million by 1901. Along the Canadian history millions of people have migrated to this country and nowadays the country has a population of more than 30 millions, the principal cause of population growth has been immigration. Immigration is generally caused by social, political and economic reasons, groups of people settle down permanently or temporarily in other country in order to find a better quality of life. Some countries typical of immigrants are Germany, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, USA, France, New Zealand and United Kingdom, where it ´s possible to study the phenomenon of foreigner who go to work. The immigrants face a challenge in the new country, the must to be part of it in the work field (legal permits, ID and social security) and also they have to assume new costumes and ways of life and integrate them to theirs. The history of immigration to Canada in the modern age began in great numbers after World War II. More Europeans moved into the country: Italians, Irish, Greeks, as well as continuing numbers of French and British. A second wave of immigrants came in the 1960s, mostly consisting of Asians, Hispanics, Indians, Caribbeans, and Arabs. At that time the Government introduced severe immigration restriction. In the 1960s, explicit discrimination on the basis of race or religion was eliminated, to be replaced by criteria and then a â€Å"points system† which emphasized the skills, education, and training of the independent immigrant, rather than his or her ethnic or confessional background. Canada has the highest per-capita immigration rate in the world, driven by economic policy and family reunification. There are three categories of immigrants: Family Class: closely related persons of Canadian residents Independent Immigrants: admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills Refugees: seeking protection by applying to remain in Canada. In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country. Canadas future prosperity will depend on its ability to supplement its aging workforce by more effectively utilizing its current and future human capital. Indeed Canada is part of a global war for talent and need to attract the brightest and the best people such as scientists, entrepreneurs and engineers. Canada and other immigrant countries need an adequate planning and infrastructure to make sure that new citizens and future immigrants are able to maximize their potential and contribute to economic growth of the country. Do you think the Points System in Canada is meant to protect the countrys sovereignity?, or  ¿is it just a deliberated form of discrimination? Why? Immigration is a global phenomenon, which affects mostly developed countries. Many developed nations have restricted immigration policies in order to prevent unequal competencies and ensure the contribution to the economic and social growth of the country. I think the Points System in Canada is meant to protect the countrys sovereignity and it is not a form of discrimination. Canada is an open country and well recognized for its immigrations system, which attracts thousands of immigrants every year. The Canadian system is part of a set of immigrations policies and emphasizes the skills, education, and training of the independent immigrant, rather than discrimination factors. The Points System evaluates the capacity of the future immigrants to become a part of the Canadian society successfully and it is based on the demands of labor market. A fact which confirms the non-discrimination in immigration policy in Canada is the diversity of origin and culture of the current immigrant population. Immigrants come from Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. Another remarkable fact is that all permanent residents are entitled to the same benefits from the government. Canadian immigration policy has kept a process of refinement and adjustment to achieve a balance between generosity and the countrys economic and social interests. This balance is the key support and credibility of such policy.   Verbeeten, David. 2007. The Past and Future of Immigration to Canada. Journal of International Migration Integration, 8(1): 1-10.   Class presentation. Migrants workers. 2010 Managing Diversity If we want to be successful, diversity is something we need to take care of. We must understand our context and realize how important it is to make diversity an item that can make us improve. The diversity can make us expand every day. This is because diversity brings with itself several cultures, depending of the place where they are. Those kind of points of view can increase the possibilities of create a lot of products that all the human classes would be able to afford. So diversity has the possibility not only to learn about it, but setting up our organization with the different ideas that came up from it. And these ideas are very significant because they are developed for the culture and traditions (and more). Also, its important to know that diversity can be present in different ways. For example, demographic variables, beliefs, behaviors, self conceptions, skills. This means that if we use all of these differences, we will be able to have too many options that increase us, not even as a company but as a person. And as a person, you can also acquire abilities to be an excellent manager; for example, avoid prejudices, increase employing, increase tolerance. As a team, we get the experience to talk work in groups, we can work with too many ideas that will help us in managing conflicts and in problems solution (â€Å"two heads think better than one†) and this will be productivity, that means less costs for the organization. As an organization, the most important thing its adapting a positive posture to the constantly changes that are happening all the time, thats why the organization needs to be flexible too. Of course these aspects together, permit to know a lot of ways to work in the organization, if we know how to include them, and work in a positive way with them, the differences always will allow having new projects in an efficient way and more complete. Accepting all the feedbacks, and correcting them, will bring you the possibility to improve day by day. 3. What are the limitations or challenges that a corporate diversity program faces?   Leadership: It must be well distributed instead of concentrated across the organization. The leaders must be able to create networks. They must to know how to manage diversity , letting people to express themselves and creating a share identity.   Diversity must be part of the organizations as policy and ethic factor, it let them to survive in the future scenes highly diverse.   Recognize all kinds of differences in profile and needs of the people, such as culture, age, sexual orientation, disability, professional competence, personal abilities, leadership styles, communication, etc.. The inclusion of the people because their differences in the organization will generate creativity, innovation and effectiveness. If people is happy in their workplace they will be more productive.   Slater, Stanley F., Weigand, Robert A., Zweilein, Thomas J., 2008. â€Å"The business case for commitment to diversity†. Business Horizons 51: 201-209.   Thomas, David A., 2004. â€Å"Diversity as Strategy†, Harvard Business Review, September 2004, 98-108.   Sylvie, Chevrier. 2003. Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups Journal of World Business 38:141-149.   Class presentation. Managing Diversity. 2010. Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 4:22 PM Understanding Diversity Definition of Diversity The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual. The rise of multinational companies and increased global diversification by even small companies has resulted in people of diverse backgrounds and cultures working together in the same office or for the same organization. Conflict in such situations is inevitable, but understanding the diversity issues can help companies implement programs designed to keep conflict at a minimum and to take full advantage of the many benefits which such diversity brings to an organization. Key to understanding how diversity is managed in multinational organizations understands the concept of corporate culture (which defines organizations), diversity programs and their use to minimize conflict among employees, and the unique problems that employees working overseas encounter. The behavioral regularities are typified by the language, tasks, jargon and roles which members of the organization use and expect to find within the organization. Just as in a larger societal culture, an organizations culture supports certain language and behaviors from its members. The standards of behavior, or norms, that an organizational culture establishes define behavior newcomers to the organization. For example the Multicultural organizations (or organizations that value diversity) generally reflect the contributions and interests of diverse communities in their mission, operation and services. They enable diverse cultural and social groups to participate fully at all levels of the organization, particularly at the policy level. They act to eradicate all forms of discrimination and oppression and they seek to advance the principles underpinning multiculturalism/diversity at the broader societal level. When into the organizations Celebrating Diversity in the workplace, makes employees feel appreciate for their uniqueness, but acknowledging similarities fosters a more cohesive workplace, forging common bonds amongst colleagues. Most of these connections come from interpersonal interaction. Do you think the entry and integration of new members to the European Union are processes that promote diversity? , or on the contrary,  ¿strive to homogenize the European Society? I agree with the statement that the entry and integration of new members to the European Union are processes that promote diversity, because they reflect the aim to be organized in a way that ensures an interactive, educational and interesting experience for all country members. Europe is a continent proud of its cultural and social diversity, which proceed from different countries or specific regions and at the same time are part of the European cultural heritage. European Union wants to preserve that diversity, promote it and share it with the rest of the world. Those aims are specified in the Maastricht Treaty (1992), where for the first time the cultural dimension of European integration was officially recognized. European Union gives a cultural dimension to many ambits, such as art, literature, politic, education, language, scientific research, information technology and communication and economic development.   TOGGENBURG, Gabriel. EURAC research:Who is Managing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in the European Condominium? The Moments of Entry, Integration and Preservation.   Millman, Gregory J. Corporate Culture: more myth than reality?. Jul 1, 2007   www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu   www.soi.org/reading/change/culture   www.amssa.org   www.lotsofessays.com/   www.humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture Posted by MARIA CAMILA at 2:44 PM Expatriate Assignments Expatriates the type of people who go to another country, hired in most of the cases by transnational companies, in order to work successfully in a international environment. Expatriate employees pertain to employees that are non-citizens of the country in which they are working. Currently, the purpose of international expatriate assignments has evolved along with the changing globalization trends. Expatriate international assignments require that cost effectiveness and appropriateness issues be considered. Since globalization is now the current trend, it is important to be able to manage these international workers strategically and effectively. Increasing globalization of business requires more expatriates but employee costs and family considerations impede the mobility of the employees. personal aspects can include technical qualifications, personality and character factors, family willingness (including dual career and education aspects). Social, economic and political factors contribute to an expatriates feeling of satisfaction and well-being, so location is an important determinant. Many cultures are uncomfortable setting concrete goals and targets, prefering just in time planning and management tactics. The real success factor seems to be not so much in sending them out on assignment but in bringing them back home. One of the causes for expatriate assignment failure and some recommendations could be. An inability on the part of the expatriate family to adjust to the foreign environment is the main determinant of expatriate failure. Given that the reasons for expatriate failure tended to be the same, the role of the home company has increased as a contributor toward expatriate failure. Organizations need to be aware of their role as well as the importance of the spouse and family in managing expatriate assignments effectively. Nowadays exist a high failure rate among expatriates because neither they nor their families are prepared to deal with the level of uncertainty associated with the process. It is important that each organization that wants to succeed with the goals set for expatriates, meets their family details, as this is a fundamental aspect when someone is sent to another place of work, because being far away from family or having to leave several times, does that employees have family problems and can ´t meet the expectations. The selection policies must establish some features to choose the right person who can meet the requirements of the company, without interfering in the family relationship of their employees. Having a larger investment to be able to cover expenses for the expatriate and his family, thus organization gets a better performance from its employees, due to their relationships go well and their motivation can be higher. Participation flexible work being performed, where expatriates can have a chance to be a short period with a certain frequency in their country of origin.   www.themanager.org/Knowledgebase/HR/Expatriates   books.google.com.co   Class presentation. Migrant workers 2010. East Asia Japanese And Korean Korea is currently a front-runner among developing nations, getting closer to the ranks of developed nations. In the process of economic growth, a few dozen big business groups, of chaebols, have emerged. The fifty largest business groups account for as much as 20 percent of Koreas gross domestic product (GDP), and the five largest business groups, such as Hyundai, Samsung, Lucky-Goldstar, Sunkyong, and Daewoo, account for as much as 10 percent of GDP (Korea Development Institute, 1982). Chaebol Korean term for a conglomerate of many companies clustered around one parent company. The companies usually hold shares in each other and are often run by one family. Similar to the keiretsu in Japan. The conglomerates of South Korea, known as chaebol groups, have exerted enormous influence upon that countrys fast-growing economy. The tendency is that the large size chaebol results in larger shares of the family ownership. Keiretsus The zaibatsu were family-owned conglomerate businesses that were promoted by the Meiji government of Japan. The general structure of the keiretsu is an association of companies formed around a bank. They cooperate with each other and own shares of each others stock. The similarities and differences of Japanese and Korean management styles. Most of the similarities are concentrated in the area of cultural traditions in the form of Confucianism, with includes the harmony of interpersonal relationships, the hierarchical structure of the society and organization, the importance of family, the prevalence of authoritarianism, paternalism and personalism, the system of mutual obligation, and the universality of the guanxi network. The differences can be discussed along the lines of organization a structure, management process, and business strategies. To begin with, the nature of ownership varies a great deal among the four systems. In between are de Japanese keiretsus and the Korean chaebols. For the former, family ownership and business management have long been dissociated, while the latter is in the process of giving professional managers more decision-making power, though most families still hold the key posts in the companies. In addition, the ownership of large Japanese companies has become fairly public while the ownership of Korean business groups remains largely private. The also differ each other a great deal in terms of organizational size, ranging from very small CFBs to very large keiretsus, with Korean chaebols and the Chinese CSEs lying in between. Except for the keiretsus, the other three are highly centralized, with small CFBs probably having the highest degree of centralization. In Korea, the family inheritance is strictly based on the blood relationship, with the eldest son given the priority. Government ´s intervention: Credit; foreign exchange rationing; export growth:benefits .Favorate firms grew faster and diversified better. In Japan, however, the concept of is applied to family inheritance, and its primary purpose is to maintain the wealth of the family under the leadership of a capable person rather than to bequeath the wealth only to the blood-related family. Not all companies are alike. Market share-growth strategy. Value maximization.Participation of workers and middle management-building group loyalty. Right kind of customers information exchange.Flexible manufacturing connecting product design and production. Corporate values- to carry organization through a change.   Lee, Jangho, Thomas W. Roehl, Soonkyoo Choe. 2000. What Makes Management Style Similar and Distinct Across Borders? Growth, Experience and Culture in Korean and Japanese Firms   Class presentation. Korea. 2010 China The economy of China is the third largest in the world, after the United States and Japan. China is the fastest-growing major economy in the world, and has had the fastest growing major economy for the past 30 years. China, economically extremely backward before 1949, has again become one of the worlds major economic powers with the greatest potential. In the 22 years following reform and opening-up in 1979 in particular, Chinas economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum has been held steady into the 21st century. In 2004, China further strengthened and improved its macro control, and the economy entered its best ever development period of recent years. So far, Chinas remarkable economic growth has come mostly from its trade and export dominance. A combination of low wages, specialized regional networks and product exporters has enabled China to become the global economys low-cost supplier. To achieve high performance, Chinese companies need to identify where their competitive advantages will lie in a global marketplace and build the necessary skills to capitalize on these opportunities. The relevance of Guanxi and the existence of Chinese business networks as supporting factors to the internationalization process of Chinese companies. Guanxi is a second currency and constitutes a key or a secret to corporate success in China and It is a Chinese word which is also recognized in Japan and Korea. Thus, together, Guanxi can be translated as relationships and connections. Thus, Guanxi is a social dimension, and a human factor. A large number of researches on doing

The World Wide Web Essays -- Internet Technology Computers Essays

The World Wide Web Communication--it is a fundamental part of our everyday lives. It characterizes who we are, what we do, and how we relate to others in society. It is a very powerful tool that holds many different uses for our basic needs and survival. At a very simplistic level, it is key in attaining our very basic needs for survival. In that respect, it is key in achieving all needs in Maslows hierarchy. Its uses and possibilities endless. Over time, the discoveries that have been made in relation to communication have been revolutionary in that they have changed the way we live and act dramatically. For example, the writing on walls, pencils, pens, ink, paper, the printing press, telegraph, telephone, television, electronic mail--these only touch the surface. But, what they all have in common is that they have impacted our lives and the way in which members of society relate to one another, understand and percieve one another. As technology advances, the ways in which we communicate will change and advance. In 1992, the inception of the World Wide Web brought about, which at that time many people were unaware, a revolution in the communication industry. In essence, the way in which people communicate with one another would be changed forever. Families with relatives, friends, managers and employees, organizations-public and private, commerce--the consumer and the supplier. These and an endless number of communication relationships would be changed forever. This web site provides a detailed description of the World Wide Web, its history, the traditional and technological implications that have been brought about with it and raises some moral and ethical questions about the WWW. TARGET TECHNOLOGY--The Wo... ... to do with it or how it was going to change our futures. But, as time went on, we learned to better utilize the invention and how to capitalize on the advantages it holds. Today television is key in many peoples' lives. It changed communication, advertising, commerce and a countless number of things forever. I believe that the Web already has and will do the same in these areas in the future, only with an even greater impact. References Pasadena Public Library. "Internet Tutorial." A World Wide Web Tutorial. http://ci.pasadena.ca.us/library/tutorial.html (13 April 1999). Halonen, Olli-Pekka. "Guide for creating World Wide Web." A World Wide Web History. http://www.netppl.fi/~okko/ddd/history.html (13 April 1999). Ray, Tim. "HTML Definition." A Definition of HTML. http://ernie.bgsu.edu/~timray/hypertext/htmldef.html (15 April 1999).

Free College Admissions Essays: Studying Criminology :: College Admissions Essays

I am Interested in Studying Criminology I am interested in studying Criminology, This is because I'm fascinated by Topics like why/what people commit crime, Drugs and Society, and in fact all aspects of crime interest me. Various career options attract me including Probation, and Criminal Psychology. The courses I have chosen are BSc (Hons) Criminology and Criminal Justice, and BSc (Hons) Psychology and Criminology. I know that I'll have to work hard to gain a Degree but I'm prepared to do whatever it takes, I work well under pressure. I have chosen Portsmouth university primarily because of the reputation its Criminology Department has, and also my partner is currently doing a degree at Portsmouth as are many of my friends so I know a lot about student life at Portsmouth. I can apply experience and personal skills gained in a variety of working and personal environments. I am finding the Access course very exciting, I love all the subjects, and it seems one subject would cease to exist without the other. I am particularly enjoying Sociology, as I was sixteen the last time I studied it, now I feel like I have a greater understanding of the subject. Psychology is a topic I have always followed. I'm enjoying Law, its such a diverse subject but I especially like Criminal law, the debates we have in the classroom really get me energized. I enjoy reading about crime; I am currently reading a book called Hunting Humans; which is various profiles of serial killers. I am an inquisitive person and also very suspicious, I tend to read between the lines, so its not surprising I love Psychological thrillers like "Seven" and "Silence of the Lambs".

Ethnicity and the Police Newspaper Article Essay

Ethnicity and the Police Newspaper Article Assignment Part II: Final This newspaper article will begin from week two individual public opinion of police by different ethnic groups outline. Public opinion of police by different ethnic groups there are different types of ethnic groups African American, Hispanic’s and Latino’s American. Ranging from the White House to all over this nation sometime or another there can arise many problems with different ethnic groups all the way through the criminal justice system, in our communities, and as well as in the public figure. Each group has formed their own public opinion of police African American have more encounters with police because of their skin color than any other race. The percentage rate for arrest is much higher than any other ethnic group. Have more abuse, brutality, and harassment in African American communities than other communities. Back in slavery time the brutal abuse even lead to Blacks being hung by a tree until death. Hispanic’s and Latino’s have more traffic stops than other ethnic groups, because of drug smuggling. Some cannot understand English, and have language barrier issues. Immigration and deportation poses threats in Arizona. Some groups in the past as well as today effects the opinion of the police International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) has worked consistently with community groups, television, friends, family, social media, newspaper, magazines, and many others to help stop police abuse and brutality. One of the greatest men of all time who fought hard for Black’s (Negro American, African American) rights and freedom in America, however, this race carries many names, when others are recognized as one ethnic group to another. Below are photos of many great leaders, actresses, and singers, all have and some to this present day are still fighting for Black’s rights in this nation. Although Black’s have come a long way from slavery, but remains in a struggle today simply for being born the wrong skin color. While forming an opinion of one the most recent top stories in the nation, the Washington, D.C., Navy Yard as they study more about the actions of gunman Aaron Alexis that day. Federal experts are mending together a new timeline of Monday’s mass shooting, and the reason for Alexi’s actions. In one Black woman opinion was this action of hate, revenge, mental issues, at the time of this catastrophic shooting rampage. Concerns of many are trying to figure out what was Alex’s thinking about, and why take this chance of killing 12 people, before his own life was taken. Below are some photos of the shooting. ‘One person felt him breathe’: Escape from the Navy Yard’ I Felt Him Breathe’: Escape From the Navy Yard. They say the first call for help came at 8:21 a.m. that morning, and it took officers another 30 minutes to find Alexis. Investigators believe that Alexis was concealing a shotgun with a sawed-off barrel and stock when he entered the building, though they still don’t know if that gun was in the bag he was carrying or concealed in his clothing. And they know that the people he shot and killed were mostly on the third and fourth floors. In a tragic twist, one of Alexis’ victims was standing outside Building 197, in an alley, when he was shot by a bullet that passed through a door, the FBI told NBC News’ Pete Williams Thursday. The gunman was shot by a team comprising U.S. Park Police and D.C.’s Metropolitan Police who found him in an area filled with cubicles, U.S. Park Police said. The team had to clear each cubicle, one by one, until Alexis engaged them and they shot him. In all, 12 victims were killed, eight were injured and Alexis was shot and killed in the shooting Monday morning, the deadliest single event in Washington in decades.

Data Flow Diagram Explain

4. 3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM A data flow diagram is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and transforms that are applied as data move from input to output. The DFD is also known as Data Flow Graph or Bubble Chart. The DFD is used to represent increasing information flow and functional details. Also DFD can be stated as the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the requirements specifications down to the lowest level of detail.A Level 0 also called a fundamental system model or a context level DFD that represent the entire software elements as a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively. Additional process and information flow parts are represented in the next level, i. e. , level 1 DFD. Each of the processes represented at level 1 are sub functions of overall system depicted in the context model. Any processes that are complex in level 1 will be further represented into sub functions in the next level, i. e. , level 2.Data flow diagram is a means of representing a system at any level of detail with a graphic network of symbols showing data flows, data stores, data processes and data sources. The purpose of data flow diagram is to provide a semantic bridge between users and system developers. The diagram is the basis of structured system analysis. A DFD describes what data flows rather than how they are processed, so it does not depend on hardware, software, data structure or file organization. 4. 3. 1 Components of Data Flow Diagram There are four symbols that are used in the drawing of Data Flow Diagrams: Entities External entities represent the sources of data that enter the system or the recipients of data that leave the system. * Process Processes represent activities in which data is manipulated by being stored or retrieved or transformed in some way. A circle represents it. The process will show the data transformation or change. * Databases Databases represent stora ge of data within the system. * Data Flow A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A line represents a data flow, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow.